Dog Bites & Bone Fractures

Yes, A Dog Bite Can Break A Bone

A dog bite can absolutely break bones in humans, especially if the dog is large or strong. While many bites result only in superficial scratches or bruises, severe bites can lead to serious skeletal damage (Source 1). This is a frightening reality, particularly for dog owners and parents.

Mechanism of Bone Fracture

The powerful jaw muscles and sharp teeth of a dog are designed to exert significant pressure. This force is often measured in pounds per square inch (PSI) (Source 3). A human bite averages only about 120–160 PSI, which is rarely enough to cause a fracture (Source 3).

In contrast, large dogs can bite with forces ranging from 300 to 700 PSI, sometimes even higher (Source 3). This immense pressure is more than sufficient to cause a fracture, particularly when applied to vulnerable areas (Source 3). The resulting injury is often referred to as a crush injury (Source 5).

Common Victims and Vulnerable Areas

Children and the elderly are at the highest risk for fractures from dog bites (Source 4). Children's bones are softer and more pliable, making them susceptible to breaks (Source 4). Elderly individuals often have more fragile bones, increasing their risk (Source 4).

According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, dog bites are one of the most common causes of bone fractures in children (Source 4). The most common bones broken are the arm bones, followed by the leg bones (Source 4).

Factors Influencing Fracture Risk

The severity of a dog bite injury, including the likelihood of a fracture, depends on several key factors (Source 1). These factors relate to the dog's physical capabilities and the nature of the attack.

Dog Size & Breed

Larger breeds naturally generate significantly higher bite force due to their stronger jaws and greater muscle mass (Source 1). Breeds like Rottweilers, Great Danes, German Shepherds, and Mastiffs are known to exert enough force to inflict serious injuries, including severe crush injuries and fractures (Source 1, Source 5).

However, even smaller dogs can break bones (Source 5). Almost every breed is capable of fracturing the smaller, more fragile bones in the human body, such as the fingers or toes (Source 5).

Bite Location

Fractures are most common in smaller, less protected bones that are easily grasped or crushed (Source 1). The location of the bite heavily influences the outcome.

Common fracture sites include:

• Fingers and hands: This is the most common site for fractures, often due to the small size of the bones (Source 1).
• Wrists and forearms: These injuries often occur when victims raise their arms in a defensive posture (Source 2).
• Feet and lower legs: These areas are vulnerable, especially in children or when a person is knocked down.

Bite Type

The technique used during the bite is critical in determining the extent of skeletal damage (Source 1). A quick, defensive snap is less likely to cause a fracture than a sustained, crushing bite (Source 3).

A deep, sustained bite applies maximum pressure over time, increasing the risk of skeletal damage (Source 3). Furthermore, if the dog latches on and then shakes its head, the rotational force significantly increases the likelihood of a fracture (Source 4).

Bone Vulnerability

Bone vulnerability refers to how easily the bone can be broken based on its structure and protection. Fractures are more likely if the bone is close to the surface, such as the bones in the hand (Source 1). Additionally, the size of the victim plays a role; a child’s bones are more pliable but also less dense and easier to break than an adult’s (Source 4).

Immediate Action Checklist

If a dog bite occurs, immediate and decisive action is crucial to minimize injury and prevent severe complications like infection (Source 1). Following a clear protocol ensures the victim receives timely care.

1. Safety First

The first priority is to immediately separate the dog and the victim (Source 1). Secure the dog safely away from others, ideally in a confined space, to prevent further incidents. Ensure the environment is safe before tending to the victim.

2. Assess the Injury

Determine the severity of the injury (Source 1). Look for signs of a possible fracture, which include obvious deformity, severe swelling, extreme pain, or the inability to move the affected limb (Source 1). Even minor-looking puncture wounds can be deep and dangerous.

3. Control Bleeding

Apply direct, firm pressure to the wound using a clean cloth or sterile dressing (Source 1). Elevate the injured limb above the heart if possible to help slow the bleeding. Do not remove any embedded objects; let medical professionals handle them.

4. Immobilize (If Fracture Suspected)

If a fracture is suspected, it is vital to immobilize the limb gently (Source 2). Use a makeshift splint (like rolled newspaper or a board) and soft padding to prevent movement (Source 2). Movement can worsen the fracture and increase pain.

5. Seek Medical Care

Always seek professional medical attention for any deep bite, severe laceration, or suspected fracture (Source 1). Dog bites carry a high risk of infection due to bacteria present in the dog's mouth (Source 5). A doctor must thoroughly clean the wound and assess the need for antibiotics.

6. Report the Incident

Report the bite to local animal control or police, especially if the dog is unknown, stray, or has shown previous aggression (Source 1). Reporting is necessary for tracking potential rabies exposure and ensuring public safety.

Medical Risks Beyond The Break

While a bone fracture is a severe injury, dog bites introduce numerous other medical risks that must be addressed immediately (Source 5). These complications often stem from the nature of the wound itself.

Infection

Infection is the most common and serious complication following a dog bite (Source 5). Dog mouths harbor various bacteria, including Pasteurella species (Source 4). Puncture wounds are particularly dangerous because they are deep and narrow, making them difficult to clean thoroughly and highly prone to developing abscesses (Source 2).

Crush Injuries

A crush injury involves significant damage to the soft tissues surrounding the bone (Source 5). This includes trauma to muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves (Source 5). Even if the bone does not fully break, the crushing force can lead to long-term complications like nerve damage or loss of function (Source 5).

Puncture Wounds

Puncture wounds, often caused by the dog's sharp canine teeth, are highly deceptive (Source 2). They may look small on the surface but extend deep into the tissue, carrying bacteria deep inside (Source 2). Aggressive cleaning and sometimes surgical debridement are required to prevent severe infection.

Tetanus/Rabies

Any animal bite carries a risk of viral or bacterial contamination (Source 4). Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that can enter through deep wounds. Rabies, though rare in vaccinated pets, is a critical concern if the dog's vaccination status is unknown (Source 4). A doctor must assess the need for tetanus boosters and potentially rabies prophylaxis.

Prevention Strategies

Preventing dog bites is the most effective way to avoid severe injuries, including fractures (Source 4). Understanding canine behavior and implementing safety measures are essential steps for dog owners and the public.

Supervision

Closely supervise all interactions between children and dogs, regardless of the dog’s temperament (Source 4). Children are often unaware of canine warning signs and may inadvertently provoke a bite (Source 4). Never leave infants or toddlers alone with a dog.

Training & Socialization

Ensure the dog is properly trained and socialized from a young age (Source 4). Obedience training helps the dog respond appropriately to commands, reducing reactivity in stressful situations (Source 1). Socialization helps the dog become comfortable with various people and environments.

Respect Dog Space

Teach children and adults never to disturb a dog that is engaged in certain activities (Source 4). A dog should never be bothered while eating, sleeping, or caring for puppies (Source 4). These are times when a dog is most likely to feel threatened and bite defensively.

Recognize Warning Signs

Learn to recognize the subtle and overt signs of canine stress or aggression (Source 4). Warning signs include lip licking, yawning (when not tired), tail tucking, stiffness, or growling (Source 4). Recognizing these signals allows people to back away before a bite occurs.

If grooming a dog that is prone to biting, keep sessions short—perhaps only 5 to 10 minutes—to reduce stress and fear (Source 4). Redirecting the dog's attention with a special treat used only during grooming can also help prevent defensive biting (Source 4).